Instructions: Solar and Wind Appraisal Model
Beginning with 2022 assessment rolls, RPTL § 575-b requires assessors to use the appraisal model and the associated discount rates to value and place assessments on solar and wind energy systems with a nameplate capacity equal to or greater than one megawatt.
Input tab instructions
Enter the values provided by the plant owner in the fields below, where applicable. Where actual values are not available, the default values can be used.
- Project revenue type. Select from the 3 project types:
- Value of Distributed Energy Resources (VDER). The Model can be used for Fixed Solar and Tracking Solar VDER projects between 1 MW and 5 MW alternating current (“AC”) (the maximum project size currently allowed for VDER projects). If the project is solar between 1 MW and 5 MW AC, the user should select either VDER or NEM - Net Energy Metering. The user can query a publicly available database of NYSERDA solar projects to determine which of these two options to select. https://data.ny.gov/Energy-Environment/Solar-Electric-Programs-Reported-by-NYSERDA-Beginn/3x8r-34rs/about_data.
- Net Energy Metering (NEM). NEM projects are CDG projects that were built prior to the implementation of VDER. These projects receive net metering credits that compensate them for electricity delivered into the grid based on the residential and commercial retail rate of the local utility. The Model can be used for Fixed Solar and Tracking Solar NEM projects between 1 MW and 5 MW AC (the maximum project size that was allowed for NEM projects).
- Tier 1. Tier 1 projects are Fixed Solar, Tracking Solar and Land-Based Wind Tier 1 projects larger than 5 MW AC. There are not currently any Fixed Solar, Tracking Solar or Land-Based Wind Tier 1 projects that are smaller than 5 MW AC. If a project is Land-Based Wind or solar greater than 5 MW AC, the user should select Tier 1.
- Plant type. Select the type of plant to be modeled.
- System size. Enter the capacity (or nameplate capacity) of the plant. This number refers to the maximum power that can be produced by the system under optimal conditions. Enter the system size in either kilowatts (kW) for wind or kilowatts AC (kW AC) for solar.
- Date of operation. Enter the date operation began or, if operation has not begun, the date construction was completed.
- Taxable status year. Enter the taxable status year of the municipality.
- Tax load. Enter the overall full value tax rate for the property where the plant is sited. This rate should be reflective of all property taxes applicable to the property, including town, county, village, school district, and special district tax rates.
- For each taxing jurisdiction multiply the tax rate per thousand dollars of assessed valuation by the latest final equalization rate (Note: Use the actual equalization rate, not the percentage. For example: 100.0, 90.0, 25.34, etc.); and
- divide the product by one thousand.
- Sum the results of all jurisdictions to arrive at the Tax Load.
For example, a project has the following tax rates:
| Town | 5.561390 |
| County | 13.264834 |
| Special district | 1.024976 |
| School | 29.241161 |
The total of those tax rates is 49.092361.
The property is entirely in one town, so the equalization rate can be applied after the tax rates are summed.
The equalization rate is 66.
Multiple 49.092361 by 66 = 3240.0958
3240.0958 divided by 1,000 = 3.2401
The tax load to enter into the model is 3.24%.
- Annual ground lease payment (if applicable). Enter the annual gross land lease payment amount, if applicable. The land lease information is available from the developer.
If the land is not leased, enter $0. As a result, the model output (present value of cash flow) will represent the total market value for the improvements and underlying land.
- Annual ground lease escalator (if applicable). If the ground lease includes an escalator clause, enter the percentage in this box. If there is no escalator, enter 0 for a constant lease.
Additional Inputs: Additional information is required depending on the plant type.The plant owner should provide this information.
- VDER additional inputs
- NYISO Zone. Select from the 11 primary zones determined by the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) for energy pricing. You may wish to reference page two of NYISO’s New York Load Zone Control Area map.
- Utility Company. Select the utility company which connects the project to the grid.
- Optional: Community or Market Transition Credit or Community Adder.A VDER project may have either a Community or Market Transition Credit OR a Community Adder. It will never have both.
As a default, the model assumes a VDER project will assume the highest possible Market Transition Credit (MTC), Community Credit (CC), or Community Adder (CA). A user may override the default by inputting the appropriate MTC/CC or CA in the relevant field. The user should ask the project developer whether the project receives an MTC/CC/CA. If so, the developer should be asked to provide the value and attest to its veracity. If the project developer provides an MTC/CC/CA value, or attests that their project receives no MTC/CC/CA, then the user should enter the appropriate amount to override the Model’s default assumption (enter 0 if there is no credit). If the project developer is unwilling to provide the MTC/CC/CA information, then the user should leave both of these user inputs blank, thereby resorting to the default assumption. The default assumption will lead to the highest appraised value, all other inputs being equal.
For more information about these credits, visit The Value Stack: Compensation for Distributed Energy Resources, published by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA).
- NEM Additional Inputs
- Utility for Retail Rate. Select the utility company which connects the project to the grid.
- Tier 1 Additional Inputs
- NYISO Zone. Select from the 11 primary zones determined by the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) for energy pricing. You may wish to reference page two of NYISO’s New York Load Zone Control Area map.
Model output
The final output of the model is on the Model spreadsheet tab, including:
- a breakdown of the estimated income and expenses associated with the property over the remainder of its economic life,
- the associated future cash flows, and
- the present value of cash flow.
How to calculate the full market value of the parcel (land value plus improvements)
If a lease amount is entered in the Annual Ground Lease Payment field, the model output (present value of cash flow) represents the value of the improvements only. To arrive at the full market value of the parcel, the assessor should use standard appraisal methodology to value the land and add the result to the present value of cash flow.
If the land is not leased (Annual Ground Lease Payment is $0), the model output (present value of cash flow) represents the total market value for the improvements and underlying land.
Note: For future reference, for each project, assessors may wish to save a copy of the model on a local drive.
Glossary
Before tax discount rate – WACC. ORPTS determines the discount rates for solar and wind properties in consultation with NYSERDA. The discount rates are based on the economic principle of weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The cost of capital is a forward-looking measure comprising the time value of money and investor risk. It considers the expected rate of return that market participants require to attract funds to a particular investment. The cost of capital is synonymous with the discount rate that is typically utilized in renewable energy discounted cash flow analysis.
Date of operation. Date the plant began operating or, if the plant is not yet operating, the date construction was completed.
Demand Reduction Value (DRV) Rate. The amount that a project reduces the utility’s future needs to make grid upgrades. This field is pre-filled in the model based on the utility company selected.
EBITDA. Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. The model utilizes this approach.
Loaded discount rate. The sum of the selected base discount rate before tax plus the municipal tax load.
Community or Market Transition Credit. The community credit is available on a limited basis in order to encourage the development of community distributed generation projects. The community credit is the successor to the market transition credit, and it is similar in structure.
Photovoltaics projects in utility territories that have fully expended their community credit may be eligible for the community adder—an upfront incentive that is administered by NY-Sun.
Net Energy Metering. NEM projects were built prior to the implementation of VDER. These projects receive net metering credits that compensate them for electricity delivered into the grid based on the residential and commercial retail rate of the local utility.
NYISO zone. New York State is broken into 11 main zones for energy pricing by the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO). NYISO controls the electrical grid. See NYISO’s New York Load Zone Control Area map.
Plant type. Three plant types are modeled in this tool: solar – fixed axis, solar – tracking, and land based wind.
Land based (onshore) wind. Wind turbines capture the motion of wind to produce energy. Land Based (Onshore) Wind turbines have been built throughout New York State. Offshore Wind Turbines, which are not reflected in the 2024 model, have yet to be constructed in New York.
Solar – fixed axis. Fixed axis solar refers to panels mounted on stationary racks. Panels do not move, and efficiency is lower when the sun angle is not optimal.
Solar – tracking. Tracking solar arrays are mounted on movable racks that keep an optimal angle of the sun during each hour of the day. Efficiency is higher than fixed arrays, but costs for installation and maintenance are higher as well. As of now, the only existing or planned solar tracking arrays in New York State are single axis: arrays that move side-to-side. (Dual-axis arrays are capable of two-dimensional motion.)
System age at taxable status date. The number of whole years since the date of operation as of a given taxable status date.
System size. The capacity (or nameplate capacity) of the generating system. This refers to the maximum power that could be generated by the system under optimal conditions. Most generators (especially renewables) will never fully achieve this rating. However, if such a rating is accomplished, it lasts for a very short duration of time. For this model, system size is required in Kilowatts (kW) for wind or Kilowatts AC (kW AC) for solar.
Taxable status date. Municipalities assess property as of its condition and ownership on the taxable status date. In most towns, taxable status date is March 1, but the date does vary. You can find the taxable status date of a municipality by searching in Municipal Profiles and selecting Assessment Roll Dates.
For purposes of the appraisal model, taxable status date is the effective date of the appraisal.
Tax Load. Calculated by multiplying the tax rate per thousand dollars of assessed valuation by the equalization rate and dividing the product by one thousand. The result is a capitalization rate surcharge, known as a loaded cap rate. The use of a capitalization/discount rate surcharge effectively removes the real estate taxes as an expense item and results in an estimate of market value assuming fair and equitable taxation.
Tier 1. A reimbursement structure provided by NYSERDA and the New York State Public Service Commission (PSC). It is used for any solar plants with a nameplate capacity greater than 5,000 kilowatts.
Utility company. The utility company serving the location of the plant.
Value of Distributed Energy Resources (VDER). The reimbursement structure provided by NYSERDA and the PSC. It is used for any solar plants with a nameplate capacity equal to or less than 5,000 kilowatts, other than Net Energy Metering (NEM) projects. This includes energy value, capacity value, environmental value (excluded), demand reduction value, and the community credit.